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PublicationsWilliam and Mary QuarterlyPast TOCsJanuary 1999 – Carr

Third Series, Volume LVI
January 1999

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“Wealth and Welfare in Early Maryland: Evidence from St. Mary’ County.”
By Lois Green Carr and Russell R. Menard.

Appendix: A Note on the Chesapeake Slave Trade Database

Table 1: Estimates of Taxables, St. Mary’s County, 1660, using Data from Lancaster, Northampton, and Charles Counties

	Taxables per Household	HH in St. Mary’s N	Est. Tax in St. Mary’s N	HH in St. Mary’s N	Est. Tax in St. Mary’s N	HH in St. Mary’s N	Est. Tax in St. Mary’s
Lancaster, Northamp. – Mean, 2 Co.	4.46 2.92 3.69	121 121 121	539.66 353.32 446.49	183 183 183	816.18 534.36 675.27	152 152 152	677.92 443.84 560.88
Lancaster, Northamp., Charles – Mean, 3 Co.	4.46 2.92 1.72 3.0333	121 121 121 121	539.66 353.32 208.12 367.03	183 183 183 183	816.18 534.36 314.76 555.10	152 152 152 152	677.92 443.84 261.44 461.06
Lancaster, Northamp., Charles, St. Mary’s – Mean, 4 Co.	4.46 2.92 1.72 3.2684 3.0920	121 121 121 121 121	539.66 353.32 208.12 395.48 374.48	183 183 183 183 183	816.18 534.36 314.76 395.48	152 152 152 152 152	677.92 443.04 261.44 395.48
St. Mary’s – Mean, 4 Co.	2.1611 2.8153			183 183	395.48 515.20
St. Mary’s – Mean, 4 Co.	2.6018 2.9254					152 152	395.48 444.67
Acceptable Estimates (300 to 400 Taxables)
		Taxables per Household		HH in St. Mary’s N		Est. Tax in St. Mary’s N
Northamp.		2.92		121		353.32
Mean of 3 Counties		3.0333		121		367.03
Mean of 4 Counties		3.0920		121		374.13
St. Mary’s		3.2684		121		395.48
St. Mary’s		2.6018		152		395.48
Note:		In St. Mary’s County, the number of taxables is fixed, hence taxables per household vary with the size of the household.

Table 2: Four Option for Basic Household Structure, 1660

Option	Taxables	HH	Taxables	Male Inmates		Women and Children		Population
	Per HH	N	N	N	Per HH	N	Per HH	N	Per HH
1	3.0333	121	367.03	246.03	2.04	367.03	3.03	734.06	6.07
2	3.0920	121	374.13	253.13	2.09	374.13	3.09	743.66	6.18
3	3.2684	121	395.48	274.48	2.27	395.48	3.27	790.96	6.54
4	2.6018	121	395.48	243.48	1.60	395.48	2.60	790.96	5.20

Table 3: Four Options for Detailed Household Structure, 1660

	Option 1: Uses Mean of Taxables per Household for Lancaster, Northampton, and Charles Counties: 3.0333	Option 3: Uses Taxables per Household for St. Mary’s County When Households Number 121: 3.2684
Household Head	1.0000*	1.0000*
Adult Sons	.0533	.0533
Male Indentured Servants	.8841	.9863
Freemen	1.0959*	1.2288*
Wives	.5833	.5833
Adult Daughters	.0267	.0267
Female Indentured Servants	.3616	.4034
Other Free Female Inmates	.5636*	.6405*
Children	1.4985	1.6146

Wealthholders	2.6595	2.8693
Wealthholding Inmates	1.6595	1.8693
Total People	6.0670	6.5369
	Option 2: Uses Mean of Taxables per Household for Lancaster, Northampton, Charles, and St. Mary’s Counties (When St. Mary’s Has 121 Households): 3.0920	Option 4: Uses Taxables per Household for St. Mary’s County When Households Number 152: 2.6018
Household Head	1.0000*	1.0000*
Adult Sons	.0533	.0533
Male Indentured Servants	.9096	.6965
Freemen	1.1291*	.8521*
Wives	.5833	.5833
Adult Daughters	.0267	.0267
Female Indentured Servants	.3720	.2849
Other Free Female Inmates	.5626*	.4217*
Children	1.5274	1.2853

Wealthholders	2.7117	2.2738
Wealthholding Inmates	1.7117	1.2738
Total People	6.1840	5.2038
Note:	* indicates wealthholders

Table 4: Personal Wealth per Household and per Head, 1660 (Minus Debs, Cash,and Labor)

Option	Personal Wealth per Household	Personal Wealth per Head
1	,49.31	,8.13^a
2	,49.72	,8.04^b
3	,50.97	,7.80^c
4	,46.27	,8.89^d

Table 5: Value of Land per Head and per Household, 1660

Option	Population	Land Price	Land per Head	Land Value Value
1	734.06	A B	,6,910.23 ,5,464.77	,9.41 ,7.44
2	748.26	A B	,6,910.23 ,5,464.77	,9.23 ,7.30
3, 4	778.54	A B	,6,910.23 ,5,464.77	,8.88 ,7.02
Value of Land per Household
N HH	Land Price	Land Value	Land Value per Household
121	A B	,6,910.23 ,5,464.77	,57.11 ,45.16
152	A B	,6,910.23 ,5,464.77	,45.46 ,35.95
Note:	Category A of land price uses prices from St. Mary’s County.
	Category B uses prices from St. Mary’s and Charles Counties.

Table 6: Wealth per Household and per Head (Minus Debts, Cash, and Labor)

Per Head
Option 1	Personal Wealth Land Value Wealth	, 8.13 , 9.41 ,17.54	OR	, 8.13 , 7.44 ,15.57
Option 2	Personal Wealth Land Value Wealth	, 8.04 , 9.23 ,17.27	OR	, 8.04 , 7.30 ,15.34
Option 3	Personal Wealth Land Value Wealth	, 7.80 , 8.88 ,16.68	OR	, 7.80 , 7.02 ,14.82
Option 4	Personal Wealth Land Value Wealth	, 8.89 , 8.88 ,17.77	OR	, 8.89 , 7.02 ,15.91
Per Household
Option 1	Personal Wealth Land Value Wealth	, 49.31 , 57.11 ,106.42	OR	, 49.31 , 45.16 , 94.47
Option 2	Personal Wealth Land Value Wealth	, 49.72 , 57.11 ,106.83	OR	, 49.72 , 45.16 , 94.88
Option 3	Personal Wealth Land Value Wealth	, 50.97 , 57.11 ,108.08	OR	, 50.97 , 45.16 , 96.13
Option 4	Personal Wealth Land Value Wealth	, 46.26 , 45.46 , 91.72	OR	, 46.26 , 35.95 , 82.21
Note:	Range for wealth per head: ,16.68 to ,17.77 or ,14.82 to ,15.34; preferred, option 2: ,17.27 or ,15.34.
	Range for wealth per household: ,91.72 to ,108.08 or ,82.21 to ,96.13; option 2 (preferred): ,106.83 or ,94.88.

Table 7: Household Structure, 1704, 1755

1704
Male Heads	0.925
Female Heads Adult Sons Male Indentured Servants	0.075 0.200 0.254
Male Free Inmates	1.790
Wives	0.547
Adult Daughters	0.100
Other Free Female Inmates	0.710
Female Indentured Servants	0.120
Children, Servant and Free	2.909
Slaves, Taxable	0.780
Slaves, Not Taxable	0.311
Wealthholders	3.650*
Wealthholding Inmates	2.650*
Total Persons per Household	8.720
Total Whites per Household	7.629
1755
Male Heads Taxed	.9230
Male Heads Untaxed	.0138
Female Heads Adult Sons Male Indentured Servants	.0632 .2046 .0624
Free Hired Servants	.1160
Other Free Male Taxed Inmates	.1212
Poor Untaxed Free Men	.0374
Wives	.6968
Adult Daughters	.4475
Female Indentured Servants	.0166
Free Servant Women	.1250
Other Free Female Inmates	.2373
Children, Servant and Free	2.9360
Slaves, Taxable	1.3184
Slaves, Not Taxable	1.5648
Wealthholders	2.2516**
Wealtholding Inmates	1.2516**
Total Persons per Household	8.8840
Total Whites per Household	6.0008
Note: * indicates one-half of adult children counted as wealthholders
** indicates all adult children counted as wealthholders

Table 8: Wealth per Head, per White, and per Household, 1704 (Minus Debts, Cash, and Labor)

Personal Wealth
	Per Head	Per White	Per Household
Adult Children Excluded	12.32	14.08	107.45
One-Half Adult Children Included	12.53	14.33	109.30

Table 9: Wealth per Head, per White, and per Household, 1755 (Minus Debts, Cash, and Labor)

Personal Wealth
	Per Head	Per White	Per Household
No Adjustment
All Adult Children Included	11.08	16.40	98.40
One-Half Adult Children Included	10.62	15.73	94.36
Adjusted for Reporting Rate
All Adult Children Included	10.22	15.13	90.79
One-Half Adult Children Included	9.79	14.49	86.98

Table 10: Comparison of Population Unadjusted and Adjusted for Later Migration 1774

	No Adjustment	Adjusted for Migration	One-Half the Adjustment
White Men	1,980.48	2,107.19	2,043.84
White Women	2,113.48	2,248.35	2,177.90
White Children	3,776.28	4,017.26	3,891.36
Slaves	5,384.30	5,384.30	5,384.30
Total Population	13,254.54	13,757.10	13,497.40

Table 11: Household Structure, 1774

Male Heads	0.9167
Female Heads Sons	0.0833 0.1800
Other Free Male Inmates	0.3241
Wives	0.7051
Daughters	0.4475
Hired Free Women Servants	0.1041
Other Free Female Inmates	0.1976
Male Indentured Servants	0.0203
Female Indentured Servants	0.0000
White Children	2.7473
Slaves, Taxable	1.9147
Slaves, Not Taxable	1.7675
Wealthholders	2.2454
Wealthholding Inmates	1.2454
Total Persons per Household	9.4082
Total Whites per Household	5.7260

Table 12: Wealth Per Head, per White, and per Household, 1774 (Minus Debts, Cash, and Labor)

Personal Wealth
	Per Head	Per White	Per Household
No Adjustment
All Adult Children Included	12.78	20.99	120.26
One-Half Adult Children Included	12.32	20.23	115.92
Adjusted for Reporting Rate
All Adult Children Included	10.94	17.97	102.96
One-Half Adult Children Included	10.53	17.29	99.05

Publications Overview

Third Series, Volume LVIJanuary 1999

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Third Series, Volume LVI
January 1999