(left to right, top to bottom) • Medal or badge, engraved “Patomeck, with “Ye King of” on the other side. Silver, 1661/62. Generally believed to be one of the medals authorized by the Virginia General Assembly in March 1661/ 62, to be engraved with the names of Indian towns and given to “Indian kings.” Indians we rerequired to wear these badges when they entered English settlements so that colonists could determine which tribe to blame if the visitors caused any trouble. Virginia Historical Society, Richmond, Virginia, acc. no. 1834.1.
• Detail, medal, engraved “The King of,” with “Machotick” on the other side. Silver, 1661/ 62. Virginia Historical Society, acc. no. 1965.12.
• Burgonet helmet, missing cheekpieces, found in a well filled in the 1620s at Jamestown. Both infantry and cavalry used this lightweight helmet developed in Burgundy. Courtesy APVA (Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities) Preservation Virginia/ Historic Jamestowne.
• Detail, Granata Nova et Cal ifornia, engraving, ink on paper. In Cornelius Wytfliet, Descriptionis Ptolemaicae Avgmentvm, siue Occidentis Notitia . . . ( Louvain, 1 5 9 7), plate following page 166. Based on the maps of Abraham Ortelius and other sources, this is the only map of California and New Mexico printed in the sixteenth century. Courtesy of the John Carter Brown Library at Brown University, acc. no. 0854.
• Early-seventeenth- century helmet excavated at the Maine Site, James City County, Virginia, in the 1 9 7 0s. Courtesy Virginia Department of Historic Resources.
• Detail, The sundry Marks of the Chief Men of Virginia, engraving by Theodor de Bry, probably after John White. Plate 23 in de Bry’s America, part 1 (Frankfurt, 1590), his reprint of Thomas Hariot’s A briefe and true report of the new found land of Virginia ( London, 1588). Courtesy of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, acc. no. 1983-286, 23.
• Morion helmet, sixteenth century. Bearing religious imagery, this helmet was discovered in a New Mexico location through which Juan de Oñate’s Spanish soldiers are known to have passed. Oñate (ca. 1550–1626) received a contract from Philip II of Spain to pacify and settle New Mexico in 1595 and formally declared Spain’s possession of the region in 1598. He oversaw the initial establishment of Santa Fe around 1607 or 1608. Palace of the Governors, Santa Fe (MNM/DCA), neg. no. 177903.
• Indian-made tubular clay pipe from Structure 165, a “store/ warehouse” attached to James Fort. Courtesy of APVA Preservation Virginia / Historic Jamestowne. Detail, Cat’s Claw, Swallow-Tail Butterfly, artist unknown. Courtesy of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, acc. no. 1984- 17.

To All Brave, Healthy, Able Bodied, and Well-Disposed Young Men . . . Recruiting poster for the Continental army. From The American Re volution: A Picture Sourcebook ( New York: Dover Publications, 1 9 7 5). Courtesy of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.

Detail, Cat’s Claw, Swallow-Tail Butterfly, artist unknown. Courtesy of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, acc. no. 1984- 17.

Anne Pollard at One Hundred Years of Age, 1721. Oil on canvas; artist unknown. Courtesy of the Massachusetts Historical Society. • Mr. Richard Mather, Cambridge,Mass., 16 70. Woodcut portrait by John Foster. Courtesy of the Princeton University Library.

Detail, Nancy Hallam as Imogen in “Cymbeline,” 1771. Oil on canvas; by Charles Willson Peale. Niece of the English actress Mrs. Lewis Hallam Douglass, Nancy Hallam played leading roles in productions of the American Company, a troupe that played theaters in Williamsburg, Annapolis, Philadelphia, and New York in the 1760s and 1770s. Courtesy of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, acc. no. 1956- 296 A&B. • Detail, Rachel Weeping, Philadelphia, 1772, enlarged in 1776 , repainted in 1 8 1 8. Oil on canvas; by Charles Willson Peale. The Philadelphia Museum of Art, acc. no. 1977-34-1. Gift of the Barra Foundation, Inc., 1977.

Detail, Three Tvrk’s heads in a banner given him for Armes, engraving by Payn, in Smith’s Trve travel s, vol. 1. Courtesy of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.

Detail, from Erasmus Francisci, Erasmi Francisci Guineischer und Americanischer Blumen- Busch, part 1 (Nuremberg, 1669), plate following page 1 3 0. The text describes the animal as a crocodile that lives in Florida. Courtesy of the John Carter Brown Library at Brown University, acc. no. 02174.

Native Dance . . . Island of Dominica, 1779. Print by A. Brunias. Bassett Hall Collection. Courtesy of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, acc. no. 1979– 176.

Detail, Samuel de Champlain, Descripsion des costs, pts., rades, illes de la Nouuele France . . . 1607. Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division, digital id: g3321pnp000002

Detail, Smoking Club, London, 1792. Attributed to Henry Bunbury or W. Dickinson. Courtesy of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, acc. no. 1941- 107.

Detail, Their sitting at meate, engraving by de Bry after John White, from de Bry’s America, part 1 ( Frankfurt, 1590), plate 16. Courtesy of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.

Sacramental Scene in a Western Forest, by P. S. Duval, lithograph, ca. 1801. From Joseph Smith, Old Redstone (Philadelphia, 1854). Library of Congress, digital id: cph 3c 19893. Portable field pulpit, ca. 1742– 1770. Oak. George Whitefield is believed to have preached two thousand outdoor sermons from this collapsible field pulpit. Courtesy of the American Tract Society, Garland, Texas.

Tin-glazed earthenware vessel with painted portraits of King William and Queen Mary, ca. 1689–694, excavated at the Drummond Site, James City County, Virginia, in the 1970s. Courtesy of the Virginia Department of Historic Resources.

Detail, Charles Brockden Brown, 1 8 0 6. Stipple engraving by J. B. For rest after William Dunlap. Henry W. and Albert A. Berg Collection of English and American Literature, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations. • Creole portée en Hamak, engraving by Mathey. From Pierre Barrère, No u velle relation de la France Equinoxiale, contenant la description des côtes de la Guiane ( Paris, 1743), fold-out plate following page 1 3 4. Barrère was the first Eu ropean to write about Guiana. Courtesy of the John Carter Brown Library at Brown University, acc. no. 09497.

Front and back gorgets, found concreted together in a well filled in the 1620s at Jamestown. Gorgets protected the neck area when worn under breastplates or over buff coats. Courtesy APVA Preservation Virginia/Historic Jamestowne. Partially conserved breastplate, found in a well filled in the 1 6 2 0s at Ja m e s t own. The breastplate shows evidence of modification to accommodate the use of a musket in response to Sir Thomas Dale’s 1611 law that all soldiers had to wear armor. Courtesy APVA Preservation Virginia/Historic Jamestowne. Detail, Capt. Smith throwne into the sea gott safe to shoree and was releeued. Engraving by Payn, in Smith’s Trve travel s, vol. 1. Courtesy of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.

A Society of Patriotic Ladies, at Edenton in North Carolina (London, 1775). Mezzotint; attributed to P. Dawe. Library of Congress, digital id: cph 3g04617. Buffalo, from an engraving of a collage of animals. From John Lawson, The History of Carolina; containing the Exact Description and Natural History of that Country . . . ( London, 1718), plate following page 114. The John Carter Brown Library at Brown University, acc. no. 06157.

Detail, Pocahontas, ca. 1857. Oil on panel; by Robert Walter Weir, a member of the Hudson River School. Collection of the Library of Virginia, Gift of the Library of Virginia Foundation.  Detail, title page from Smith’s Generall HistorieHo Nee Yeath Taw No Row . . . , ca. 1710. Black and white mezzotint engraving; by John Verelst. Courtesy of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, acc. no. 1999-51. • Detail, Their triumph about him, engraving by Robert Vaughan, in John Smith, The Generall Historie of Virginia, New England and the Summer Isles . . . ( London, 1632). Courtesy of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.  Engraving by John Barrat.

Detail, Correspondence, London, ca. 1760. Print by P. Mercier, C. Corbutt, and Richard Pu rcell. Courtesy of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, acc. no. 1971– 495. • Brass pen case, dated 1656, excavated at Jamestown in the 1970s. Courtesy of the Jamestown- Yorktown Foundation. The inscription reads “I was in Sheffeild made & many can Witness: I was not made by any man.”

Detail, Susanna Ha s well Rowson. From Susanna Haswell Rowson, Charlotte Temple: A Tale of Truth, ed. Francis W. Halsey (New York and London, 1905), xviii. Courtesy of the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville. • Detail, title page of the first American edition of Charlotte Temple (Philadelphia, 1794). Courtesy of the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library. • Detail, Charlotte Temple, engraving by C. Tiebout. From Charlotte Temple (Philadelphia, 1812). Courtesy of University of Virginia Special Collections (Papers of Susanna Rowson, Clifton Waller Barrett Library, acc. no. 7371).